[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":716},["ShallowReactive",2],{"/en-us/blog/what-s-new-in-git-2-50-0/":3,"navigation-en-us":34,"banner-en-us":461,"footer-en-us":478,"Justin Tobler":688,"next-steps-en-us":701},{"_path":4,"_dir":5,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"seo":8,"content":11,"config":23,"_id":27,"_type":28,"title":29,"_source":30,"_file":31,"_stem":32,"_extension":33},"/en-us/blog/what-s-new-in-git-2-50-0","blog",false,"",{"noIndex":6,"title":9,"description":10},"What’s new in Git 2.50.0?","Here are contributions from GitLab's Git team and the Git community such as the git-diff-pairs(1) command and git-rev-list(1) option to perform batched reference updates.",{"title":9,"description":12,"authors":13,"heroImage":15,"body":16,"date":17,"category":18,"tags":19},"Here are contributions from GitLab's Git team and the Git community such as the git-diff-pairs(1) command and git-update-ref(1) option to perform batched reference updates.",[14],"Justin Tobler","https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1749663087/Blog/Hero%20Images/git3-cover.png","The Git project recently released [Git Version\n2.50.0](https://lore.kernel.org/git/xmqq1prj1umb.fsf@gitster.g/T/#u). Let's\nlook at a few notable highlights from this release, which includes\ncontributions from the Git team at GitLab and also the wider Git community.\n\n## New git-diff-pairs(1) command\n\n\nDiffs are at the heart of every code review and show all the changes made\n\nbetween two revisions. GitLab shows diffs in various places, but the most\n\ncommon place is a merge request's [\"Changes\"\ntab](https://docs.gitlab.com/user/project/merge_requests/changes/).\n\nBehind the scenes, diff generation is powered by\n\n[`git-diff(1)`](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-diff). For example:\n\n\n```shell\n\n$ git diff HEAD~1 HEAD\n\n```\n\n\nThis command returns the full diff for all changed files. This might pose a\nscalability challenge because the number of files changed between a set of\nrevisions could be very large and cause the command to reach self-imposed\ntimeouts for the GitLab backend. For large change sets, it would be better\nif\n\nthere were a way to break diff computation into smaller, more digestible\nchunks.\n\n\nOne way this can be achieved is by using\n\n[`git-diff-tree(1)`](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-diff-tree) to retrieve\ninfo\n\nabout all the changed files:\n\n\n```shell\n\n$ git diff-tree -r -M --abbrev HEAD~ HEAD\n\n:100644 100644 c9adfed339 99acf81487 M     \nDocumentation/RelNotes/2.50.0.adoc\n\n:100755 100755 1047b8d11d 208e91a17f M      GIT-VERSION-GEN\n\n```\n\n\nGit refers to this output as the [\"raw\"\nformat](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-diff-tree#_raw_output_format).\n\nIn short, each line of output lists filepairs and the accompanying metadata\n\nabout what has changed between the start and end revisions. Compared to\n\ngenerating the \"patch\" output for large changes, this process is relatively\n\nquick and provides a summary of everything that changed. This command can\noptionally perform rename detection by  appending the `-M` flag to check if\nidentified changes were due to a file rename.\n\n\nWith this information, we could use `git-diff(1)` to compute each of the\n\nfilepair diffs individually. For example, we can provide the blob IDs\n\ndirectly:\n\n\n```shell\n\n$ git diff 1047b8d11de767d290170979a9a20de1f5692e26\n208e91a17f04558ca66bc19d73457ca64d5385f\n\n```\n\n\nWe can repeat this process for each of the filepairs, but spinning up a\n\nseparate Git process for each individual file diff is not very efficient.\n\nFurthermore, when using blob IDs, the diff loses some contextual information\n\nsuch as the change status, and file modes which are stored in with the\nparent\n\ntree object. What we really want is a mechanism to feed \"raw\" filepair info\nand\n\ngenerate the corresponding patch output.\n\n\nWith the 2.50 release, Git has a new built-in command named\n\n[`git-diff-pairs(1)`](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-diff-pairs). This command\n\naccepts \"raw\" formatted filepair info as input on stdin to determine exactly\nwhich patches to output. The following example showcases how this command\ncould be\n\nused:\n\n\n```shell\n\n$ git diff-tree -r -z -M HEAD~ HEAD | git diff-pairs -z\n\n```\n\n\nWhen used in this manner, the resulting output is identical to using\n`git-diff(1)`.\n\nBy having a separate command to generate patch output, the \"raw\" output from\n\n`git-diff-tree(1)` can be broken up into smaller batches of filepairs and\nfed to separate\n\n`git-diff-pairs(1)` processes. This solves the previously mentioned\nscalability\n\nconcern because diffs no longer have to be computed all at once. Future\nGitLab\n\nreleases could build upon this mechanism to improve diff\n\ngeneration performance, especially in cases where large change sets are\n\nconcerned. For more information on this change, check out the corresponding\n\n[mailing-list\nthread](https://lore.kernel.org/git/20250228213346.1335224-1-jltobler@gmail.com/).\n\n\n_This project was led by [Justin Tobler](https://gitlab.com/justintobler)._\n\n\n## Batched reference updates\n\n\nGit provides the\n[`git-update-ref(1)`](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-update-ref)\n\ncommand to perform reference updates. When used with the `--stdin` flag,\n\nmultiple reference updates can be batched together in a single transaction\nby\n\nspecifying instructions for each reference update to be performed on stdin.\n\nBulk updating references in this manner also provides atomic behavior\nwhereby a\n\nsingle reference update failure results in an aborted transaction and no\n\nreferences being updated. Here is an example showcasing this behavior:\n\n\n```shell\n\n# Create repository with three empty commits and branch named \"foo\"\n\n$ git init\n\n$ git commit --allow-empty -m 1\n\n$ git commit --allow-empty -m 2\n\n$ git commit --allow-empty -m 3\n\n$ git branch foo\n\n\n# Print out the commit IDs\n\n$ git rev-list HEAD\n\ncf469bdf5436ea1ded57670b5f5a0797f72f1afc\n\n5a74cd330f04b96ce0666af89682d4d7580c354c\n\n5a6b339a8ebffde8c0590553045403dbda831518\n\n\n# Attempt to create a new reference and update existing reference in\ntransaction.\n\n# Update is expected to fail because the specified old object ID doesn’t\nmatch.\n\n$ git update-ref --stdin \u003C\u003CEOF\n\n> create refs/heads/bar cf469bdf5436ea1ded57670b5f5a0797f72f1afc\n\n> update refs/heads/foo 5a6b339a8ebffde8c0590553045403dbda831518\n5a74cd330f04b96ce0666af89682d4d7580c354c\n\n> EOF\n\nfatal: cannot lock ref 'refs/heads/foo': is at\ncf469bdf5436ea1ded57670b5f5a0797f72f1afc but expected\n5a74cd330f04b96ce0666af89682d4d7580c354c\n\n\n# The \"bar\" reference was not created.\n\n$ git switch bar\n\nfatal: invalid reference: bar\n\n```\n\n\nCompared to updating many references individually, updating in bulk is also\n\nmuch more efficient. While this works well, there might be certain\n\ncircumstances where it is okay for a subset of the requested reference\nupdates\n\nto fail, but we still want to take advantage of the efficiency gains of bulk\n\nupdates.\n\n\nWith this release, `git-update-ref(1)` has the new `--batch-updates` option,\n\nwhich allows the updates to proceed even when one or more reference updates\n\nfails. In this mode, individual failures are reported in the following\nformat:\n\n\n```text\n\nrejected SP (\u003Cold-oid> | \u003Cold-target>) SP (\u003Cnew-oid> | \u003Cnew-target>) SP\n\u003Crejection-reason> LF\n\n```\n\n\nThis allows successful reference updates to proceed while providing context\nto\n\nwhich updates were rejected and for what reason. Using the same example\n\nrepository from the previous example:\n\n\n```shell\n\n# Attempt to create a new reference and update existing reference in\ntransaction.\n\n$ git update-ref --stdin --batch-updates \u003C\u003CEOF\n\n> create refs/heads/bar cf469bdf5436ea1ded57670b5f5a0797f72f1afc\n\n> update refs/heads/foo 5a6b339a8ebffde8c0590553045403dbda831518\n5a74cd330f04b96ce0666af89682d4d7580c354c\n\n> EOF\n\nrejected refs/heads/foo 5a6b339a8ebffde8c0590553045403dbda831518\n5a74cd330f04b96ce0666af89682d4d7580c354c incorrect old value provided\n\n\n# The \"bar\" reference was created even though the update to \"foo\" was\nrejected.\n\n$ git switch bar\n\nSwitched to branch 'bar'\n\n```\n\n\nThis time, with the `--batch-updates` option, the reference creation\nsucceeded\n\neven though the update didn't work. This patch series lays the groundwork\nfor\n\nfuture performance improvements in `git-fetch(1)` and `git-receive-pack(1)`\n\nwhen references are updated in bulk. For more information, check the\n\n[mailing-list\nthread](https://lore.kernel.org/git/20250408085120.614893-1-karthik.188@gmail.com/)\n\n\n_This project was led by [Karthik Nayak](https://gitlab.com/knayakgl)._\n\n\n## New filter option for git-cat-file(1)\n\n\nWith [`git-cat-file(1)`](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-cat-file), it is\npossible\n\nto print info for all objects contained in the repository via the\n\n`--batch–all-objects` option. For example:\n\n\n```shell\n\n# Setup simple repository.\n\n$ git init\n\n$ echo foo >foo\n\n$ git add foo\n\n$ git commit -m init\n\n\n# Create an unreachable object.\n\n$ git commit --amend --no-edit\n\n\n# Use git-cat-file(1) to print info about all objects including unreachable\nobjects.\n\n$ git cat-file --batch-all-objects --batch-check='%(objecttype)\n%(objectname)'\n\ncommit 0b07e71d14897f218f23d9a6e39605b466454ece\n\ntree 205f6b799e7d5c2524468ca006a0131aa57ecce7\n\nblob 257cc5642cb1a054f08cc83f2d943e56fd3ebe99\n\ncommit c999f781fd7214b3caab82f560ffd079ddad0115\n\n```\n\n\nIn some situations, a user might want to search through all objects in the\n\nrepository, but only output a subset based on some specified attribute. For\n\nexample, if we wanted to see only the objects that are commits, we could use\n\n`grep(1)`:\n\n\n```shell\n\n$ git cat-file --batch-all-objects --batch-check='%(objecttype)\n%(objectname)' | grep ^commit\n\ncommit 0b07e71d14897f218f23d9a6e39605b466454ece\n\ncommit c999f781fd7214b3caab82f560ffd079ddad0115\n\n```\n\n\nWhile this works, one downside with filtering the output is that\n\n`git-cat-file(1)` still has to traverse all the objects in the repository,\neven\n\nthe ones that the user is not interested in. This can be rather inefficient.\n\n\nWith this release, `git-cat-file(1)` now has the `--filter` option, which\nonly\n\nshows objects matching the specified criteria. This is similar to the option\nof\n\nthe same name for `git-rev-list(1)`, but with only a subset of the filters\n\nsupported. The supported filters are `blob:none`, `blob:limit=`, as well as\n\n`object:type=`. Similar to the previous example, objects can be filtered by\n\ntype with Git directly:\n\n\n```shell\n\n$ git cat-file --batch-all-objects --batch-check='%(objecttype)\n%(objectname)' --filter='object:type=commit'\n\ncommit 0b07e71d14897f218f23d9a6e39605b466454ece\n\ncommit c999f781fd7214b3caab82f560ffd079ddad0115\n\n```\n\n\nNot only is it convenient for Git to handle the processing, for large\n\nrepositories with many objects, it is also potentially more efficient. If a\n\nrepository has bitmap indices, it becomes possible for Git to efficiently\n\nlookup objects of a specific type, and thus avoid scanning through the\n\npackfile, which leads to a significant speedup. Benchmarks conducted on the\n\n[Chromium repository](https://github.com/chromium/chromium.git) show\n\nsignificant improvements:\n\n\n```text\n\nBenchmark 1: git cat-file --batch-check --batch-all-objects --unordered\n--buffer --no-filter\n   Time (mean ± σ):     82.806 s ±  6.363 s    [User: 30.956 s, System: 8.264 s]\n   Range (min … max):   73.936 s … 89.690 s    10 runs\n\nBenchmark 2: git cat-file --batch-check --batch-all-objects --unordered\n--buffer --filter=object:type=tag\n   Time (mean ± σ):      20.8 ms ±   1.3 ms    [User: 6.1 ms, System: 14.5 ms]\n   Range (min … max):    18.2 ms …  23.6 ms    127 runs\n\nBenchmark 3: git cat-file --batch-check --batch-all-objects --unordered\n--buffer --filter=object:type=commit\n   Time (mean ± σ):      1.551 s ±  0.008 s    [User: 1.401 s, System: 0.147 s]\n   Range (min … max):    1.541 s …  1.566 s    10 runs\n\nBenchmark 4: git cat-file --batch-check --batch-all-objects --unordered\n--buffer --filter=object:type=tree\n   Time (mean ± σ):     11.169 s ±  0.046 s    [User: 10.076 s, System: 1.063 s]\n   Range (min … max):   11.114 s … 11.245 s    10 runs\n\nBenchmark 5: git cat-file --batch-check --batch-all-objects --unordered\n--buffer --filter=object:type=blob\n   Time (mean ± σ):     67.342 s ±  3.368 s    [User: 20.318 s, System: 7.787 s]\n   Range (min … max):   62.836 s … 73.618 s    10 runs\n\nBenchmark 6: git cat-file --batch-check --batch-all-objects --unordered\n--buffer --filter=blob:none\n   Time (mean ± σ):     13.032 s ±  0.072 s    [User: 11.638 s, System: 1.368 s]\n   Range (min … max):   12.960 s … 13.199 s    10 runs\n\nSummary\n   git cat-file --batch-check --batch-all-objects --unordered --buffer --filter=object:type=tag\n    74.75 ± 4.61 times faster than git cat-file --batch-check --batch-all-objects --unordered --buffer --filter=object:type=commit\n   538.17 ± 33.17 times faster than git cat-file --batch-check --batch-all-objects --unordered --buffer --filter=object:type=tree\n   627.98 ± 38.77 times faster than git cat-file --batch-check --batch-all-objects --unordered --buffer --filter=blob:none\n  3244.93 ± 257.23 times faster than git cat-file --batch-check --batch-all-objects --unordered --buffer --filter=object:type=blob\n  3990.07 ± 392.72 times faster than git cat-file --batch-check --batch-all-objects --unordered --buffer --no-filter\n```\n\n\nInterestingly, these results indicate that the computation time now scales\nwith\n\nthe number of objects for a given type instead of the number of total\nobjects\n\nin the packfile. The original mailing-list thread can be found\n\n[here](https://lore.kernel.org/git/20250221-pks-cat-file-object-type-filter-v1-0-0852530888e2@pks.im/).\n\n\n_This project was led by [Patrick\nSteinhardt](https://gitlab.com/pks-gitlab)._\n\n\n## Improved performance when generating bundles\n\n\nGit provides a means to generate an archive of a repository which contains a\n\nspecified set of references and accompanying reachable objects via the\n\n[`git-bundle(1)`](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-bundle) command. This\noperation\n\nis used by GitLab to generate repository backups and also as part of the\n\n[bundle-URI](https://git-scm.com/docs/bundle-uri) mechanism.\n\n\nFor large repositories containing millions of references, this operation can\n\ntake hours or even days. For example, with the main GitLab repository\n\n([gitlab-org/gitlab](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab)), backup times\nwere\n\naround 48 hours. Investigation revealed there was a performance bottleneck\ndue\n\nto how Git was performing a check to avoid duplicated references being\nincluded\n\nin the bundle. The implementation used a nested `for` loop to iterate and\n\ncompare all listed references, leading to O(N^2) time complexity. This\nscales\n\nvery poorly as the number of references in a repository increases.\n\n\nIn this release, this issue was addressed by replacing the nested loops with\na\n\nmap data structure leading to a significant speedup. The following benchmark\n\nthe performance improvement for creating a bundle with a repository\ncontaining\n\n100,000 references:\n\n\n```text\n\nBenchmark 1: bundle (refcount = 100000, revision = master)\n  Time (mean ± σ):     14.653 s ±  0.203 s    [User: 13.940 s, System: 0.762 s]\n  Range (min … max):   14.237 s … 14.920 s    10 runs\n\nBenchmark 2: bundle (refcount = 100000, revision = HEAD)\n  Time (mean ± σ):      2.394 s ±  0.023 s    [User: 1.684 s, System: 0.798 s]\n  Range (min … max):    2.364 s …  2.425 s    10 runs\n\nSummary\n  bundle (refcount = 100000, revision = HEAD) ran\n    6.12 ± 0.10 times faster than bundle (refcount = 100000, revision = master)\n```\n\n\nTo learn more, check out our blog post\n\n[How we decreased GitLab repo backup times from 48 hours to 41\nminutes](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/how-we-decreased-gitlab-repo-backup-times-from-48-hours-to-41-minutes/).\n\nYou can also find the original mailing list thread\n\n[here](https://lore.kernel.org/git/20250401-488-generating-bundles-with-many-references-has-non-linear-performance-v1-0-6d23b2d96557@gmail.com/).\n\n\n_This project was led by [Karthik Nayak](https://gitlab.com/knayakgl)._\n\n\n## Better bundle URI unbundling\n\n\nThrough the [bundle URI](https://git-scm.com/docs/bundle-uri) mechanism in\nGit,\n\nlocations to fetch bundles from can be provided to clients with the goal to\n\nhelp speed up clones and fetches. When a client downloads a bundle,\nreferences\n\nunder `refs/heads/*` are copied from the bundle into the repository along\nwith\n\ntheir accompanying objects. A bundle might contain additional references\n\noutside of `refs/heads/*` such as `refs/tags/*`, which are simply ignored\nwhen\n\nusing bundle URI on clone.\n\n\nIn Git 2.50, this restriction is lifted, and all references\n\nmatching `refs/*` contained in the downloaded bundle are copied.\n\n[Scott Chacon](https://github.com/schacon), who contributed this\nfunctionality,\n\ndemonstrates the difference when cloning\n\n[gitlab-org/gitlab-foss](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss):\n\n\n```shell\n\n$ git-v2.49 clone --bundle-uri=gitlab-base.bundle\nhttps://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss.git gl-2.49\n\nCloning into 'gl2.49'...\n\nremote: Enumerating objects: 1092703, done.\n\nremote: Counting objects: 100% (973405/973405), done.\n\nremote: Compressing objects: 100% (385827/385827), done.\n\nremote: Total 959773 (delta 710976), reused 766809 (delta 554276),\npack-reused 0 (from 0)\n\nReceiving objects: 100% (959773/959773), 366.94 MiB | 20.87 MiB/s, done.\n\nResolving deltas: 100% (710976/710976), completed with 9081 local objects.\n\nChecking objects: 100% (4194304/4194304), done.\n\nChecking connectivity: 959668, done.\n\nUpdating files: 100% (59972/59972), done.\n\n\n$ git-v2.50 clone --bundle-uri=gitlab-base.bundle\nhttps://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss.git gl-2.50\n\nCloning into 'gl-2.50'...\n\nremote: Enumerating objects: 65538, done.\n\nremote: Counting objects: 100% (56054/56054), done.\n\nremote: Compressing objects: 100% (28950/28950), done.\n\nremote: Total 43877 (delta 27401), reused 25170 (delta 13546), pack-reused 0\n(from 0)\n\nReceiving objects: 100% (43877/43877), 40.42 MiB | 22.27 MiB/s, done.\n\nResolving deltas: 100% (27401/27401), completed with 8564 local objects.\n\nUpdating files: 100% (59972/59972), done.\n\n```\n\n\nComparing these results, we see that Git 2.50 fetches 43,887 objects\n\n(40.42 MiB) after the bundle was extracted whereas Git 2.49 fetches a\n\ntotal of 959,773 objects (366.94 MiB). Git 2.50 fetches roughly 95% fewer\n\nobjects and 90% less data, which benefits both the client and the server.\nThe\n\nserver needs to process a lot less data to the client and the client needs\nto\n\ndownload and extract less data. In the example provided by Scott this led to\na\n\nspeedup of 25%.\n\n\nTo learn more, check out the corresponding\n\n[mailing-list\nthread](https://lore.kernel.org/git/pull.1897.git.git.1740489585344.gitgitgadget@gmail.com/).\n\n\n_This patch series was contributed by [Scott\nChacon](https://github.com/schacon)._\n\n\n## Read more\n\n\nThis article highlighted just a few of the contributions made by GitLab and\n\nthe wider Git community for this latest release. You can learn about these\nfrom\n\nthe [official release\nannouncement](https://lore.kernel.org/git/xmqq1prj1umb.fsf@gitster.g/) of\nthe Git project. Also, check\n\nout our [previous Git release blog\nposts](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/tags/git/)\n\nto see other past highlights of contributions from GitLab team members.\n","2025-06-16","open-source",[20,21,22],"git","open source","community",{"featured":24,"template":25,"slug":26},true,"BlogPost","what-s-new-in-git-2-50-0","content:en-us:blog:what-s-new-in-git-2-50-0.yml","yaml","What S New In Git 2 50 0","content","en-us/blog/what-s-new-in-git-2-50-0.yml","en-us/blog/what-s-new-in-git-2-50-0","yml",{"_path":35,"_dir":36,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"data":37,"_id":457,"_type":28,"title":458,"_source":30,"_file":459,"_stem":460,"_extension":33},"/shared/en-us/main-navigation","en-us",{"logo":38,"freeTrial":43,"sales":48,"login":53,"items":58,"search":388,"minimal":419,"duo":438,"pricingDeployment":447},{"config":39},{"href":40,"dataGaName":41,"dataGaLocation":42},"/","gitlab logo","header",{"text":44,"config":45},"Get free 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