[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":721},["ShallowReactive",2],{"/en-us/blog/parent-child-vs-multi-project-pipelines/":3,"navigation-en-us":37,"banner-en-us":466,"footer-en-us":483,"Fabio Pitino":693,"next-steps-en-us":706},{"_path":4,"_dir":5,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"seo":8,"content":16,"config":27,"_id":30,"_type":31,"title":32,"_source":33,"_file":34,"_stem":35,"_extension":36},"/en-us/blog/parent-child-vs-multi-project-pipelines","blog",false,"",{"title":9,"description":10,"ogTitle":9,"ogDescription":10,"noIndex":6,"ogImage":11,"ogUrl":12,"ogSiteName":13,"ogType":14,"canonicalUrls":12,"schema":15},"CI/CD patterns with parent-child and multi-project pipelines","Parent-child pipelines inherit a lot of the design from multi-project pipelines, but they also have differences that make them unique.","https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1749659961/Blog/Hero%20Images/parent-child-multi-project-pipelines-unsplash.jpg","https://about.gitlab.com/blog/parent-child-vs-multi-project-pipelines","https://about.gitlab.com","article","\n                        {\n        \"@context\": \"https://schema.org\",\n        \"@type\": \"Article\",\n        \"headline\": \"Breaking down CI/CD complexity with parent-child and multi-project pipelines\",\n        \"author\": [{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"name\":\"Fabio Pitino\"}],\n        \"datePublished\": \"2022-02-22\",\n      }",{"title":17,"description":10,"authors":18,"heroImage":11,"date":20,"body":21,"category":22,"tags":23},"Breaking down CI/CD complexity with parent-child and multi-project pipelines",[19],"Fabio Pitino","2022-02-22","Software requirements change over time. Customers request more features and\nthe application needs to scale well\n\nto meet user demands. As software grows in size, so does its complexity, to\nthe point where we might decide that it's\n\ntime to split the project up into smaller, cohesive components.\n\n\nAs we proceed to tackle this complexity we want to ensure that our CI/CD\npipelines continue to validate\n\nthat all the pieces work correctly together.\n\n\nThere are two typical paths to splitting up software projects:\n\n\n- **Isolating independent modules within the same repository**: For example,\nseparating the UI from the backend,\n  the documentation from code, or extracting code into independent packages.\n- **Extracting code into a separate repository**: For example, extracting\nsome generic logic into a library, or creating\n  independent microservices.\n\nWhen we pick a path for splitting up the project, we should also adapt the\nCI/CD pipeline to match.\n\n\nFor the first path, [GitLab CI/CD](/topics/ci-cd/) provides [parent-child\npipelines](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/pipelines/downstream_pipelines.html)\nas a feature that helps manage complexity while keeping it all in a\nmonorepo.\n\n\nFor the second path, [multi-project\npipelines](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/pipelines/downstream_pipelines.html)\n\nare the glue that helps ensure multiple separate repositories work together.\n\n\nLet's look into how these two approaches differ, and understand how to best\nleverage them.\n\n\n## Parent-child pipelines\n\n\nIt can be challenging to maintain complex CI/CD pipeline configurations,\nespecially when you need to coordinate many jobs that may relate\n\nto different components, while at the same time keeping the pipeline\nefficient.\n\n\nLet's imagine we have an app with all code in the same repository, but split\ninto UI and backend components. A \"one-size-fits-all\" pipeline for this app\nprobably would have all the jobs grouped into common stages that cover all\nthe components. The default is to use `build`, `test`, and `deploy` stages.\n\nUnfortunately, this could be a source of inefficiency because the UI and\nbackend represent two separate tracks of the pipeline.\n\nThey each have their own independent requirements and structure and likely\ndon't depend on each other.\n\nThe UI might not need the `build` stage at all, but it might instead need a\n`system-test` stage with jobs that test the app end-to-end.\n\nSimilarly, the UI jobs from `system-test` might not need to wait for backend\njobs to complete.\n\n\n[Parent-child\npipelines](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/pipelines/downstream_pipelines.html)\nhelp here,\n\nenabling you to extract cohesive parts of the pipeline into child pipelines\nthat runs in isolation.\n\n\nWith parent-child pipelines we could break the configurations down into two\nseparate\n\ntracks by having two separate jobs trigger child pipelines:\n\n\n- The `ui` job triggers a child pipeline that runs all the UI jobs.\n\n- The `backend` job triggers a separate child pipeline that runs all the\nbackend jobs.\n\n\n```yaml\n\nui:\n  trigger:\n    include: ui/.gitlab-ci.yml\n    strategy: depend\n  rules:\n    - changes: [ui/*]\nbackend:\n  trigger:\n    include: backend/.gitlab-ci.yml\n    strategy: depend\n  rules:\n    - changes: [backend/*]\n```\n\n\nThe modifier `strategy: depend`, which is also available for multi-project\npipelines, makes the trigger job reflect the status of the\n\ndownstream (child) pipeline and waits for it to complete. Without `strategy:\ndepend` the trigger job succeeds immediately after creating the downstream\npipeline.\n\n\nNow the frontend and backend teams can manage their CI/CD configurations\nwithout impacting each other's pipelines. In addition to that, we can now\nexplicitly visualize the two workflows.\n\n\n![example parent-child\npipeline](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/2022-02-01-parent-child-vs-multi-project-pipelines/parent-child.png){:\n.shadow.medium.center}\n\n\nThe two pipelines run in isolation, so we can set variables or configuration\nin one without affecting the other. For example, we could use\n`rules:changes` or `workflow:rules` inside `backend/.gitlab-ci.yml`, but use\nsomething completely different in `ui/.gitlab-ci.yml`.\n\n\nChild pipelines run in the same context of the parent pipeline, which is the\ncombination of project, Git ref and commit SHA. Additionally, the child\npipeline inherits some information from the parent pipeline, including Git\npush data like `before_sha`, `target_sha`, the related merge request, etc.\n\nHaving the same context ensures that the child pipeline can safely run as a\nsub-pipeline of the parent, but be in complete isolation.\n\n\nA programming analogy to parent-child pipelines would be to break down long\nprocedural code into smaller, single-purpose functions.\n\n\n## Multi-project pipelines\n\n\nIf our app spans across different repositories, we should instead leverage\n[multi-project\npipelines](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/pipelines/downstream_pipelines.html).\nEach repository defines a pipeline that suits the project's needs. Then,\nthese standalone and independent pipelines can be chained together to create\nessentially a much bigger pipeline that ensures all the projects are\nintegrated correctly.\n\n\nThere can be endless possibilities and topologies, but let's explore a\nsimple case of asking another project\n\nto run a service for our pipeline.\n\n\nThe app is divided into multiple repositories, each hosting an independent\ncomponent of the app.\n\nWhen one of the components changes, that project's pipeline runs.\n\nIf the earlier jobs in the pipeline are successful, a final job triggers a\npipeline on a different project, which is the project responsible for\nbuilding, running smoke tests, and\n\ndeploying the whole app. If the component pipeline fails because of a bug,\nthe process is interrupted and there is no\n\nneed to trigger a pipeline for the main app project.\n\n\nThe component project's pipeline:\n\n\n```yaml\n\nbuild:\n  stage: build\n  script: ./build_component.sh\n\ntest:\n  stage: test\n  script: ./test_component.sh\n\ndeploy:\n  stage: deploy\n  trigger:\n    project: myorg/app\n    strategy: depend\n```\n\n\nThe full app project's pipeline in `myorg/app` project:\n\n\n```yaml\n\nbuild:\n  stage: build\n  script: ./build_app.sh  # build all components\n\nqa-test:\n  stage: test\n  script: ./qa_test.sh\n\nsmoke-test:\n  stage: test\n  script: ./smoke_test.sh\n\ndeploy:\n  stage: deploy\n  script: ./deploy_app.sh\n```\n\n\n![example multi-project\npipeline](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/2022-02-01-parent-child-vs-multi-project-pipelines/multi-project.png){:\n.shadow.center}\n\n\nIn our example, the component pipeline (upstream) triggers a downstream\nmulti-project pipeline to perform a service:\n\nverify the components work together, then deploy the whole app.\n\n\nA programming analogy to multi-project pipelines would be like calling an\nexternal component or function to\n\neither receive a service (using `strategy:depend`) or to notify it that an\nevent occurred (without `strategy:depend`).\n\n\n## Key differences between parent-child and multi-project pipelines\n\n\nAs seen above, the most obvious difference between parent-child and\nmulti-project pipelines is the project\n\nwhere the pipelines run, but there are are other differences to be aware of.\n\n\nContext:\n\n\n- Parent-child pipelines run on the same context: same project, ref, and\ncommit SHA.\n\n- Multi-project pipelines run on completely separate contexts. The upstream\nmulti-project pipeline can indicate [a ref to\nuse](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/pipelines/downstream_pipelines.html),\nwhich can indicate what version of the pipeline to trigger.\n\n\nControl:\n\n\n- A parent pipeline _generates_ a child pipeline, and the parent can have a\nhigh degree of control over what the child pipeline\n  runs. The parent can even [dynamically generate configurations for child pipelines](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/pipelines/downstream_pipelines.html).\n- An upstream pipeline _triggers_ a downstream multi-project pipeline. The\nupstream (triggering) pipeline does not have much control over the structure\nof the downstream (triggered) pipeline.\n  The upstream project treats the downstream pipeline as a black box.\n  It can only choose the ref to use and pass some variables downstream.\n\nSide-effects:\n\n\n- The final status of a parent pipeline, like other normal pipelines,\naffects the status of the ref the pipeline runs against. For example, if a\nparent pipeline fails on the `main` branch, we say that `main` is broken.\n  The status of a ref is used in various scenarios, including [downloading artifacts](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/api/job_artifacts.html#download-the-artifacts-archive) from the latest successful pipeline.\n\n  Child pipelines, on the other hand, run on behalf of the parent pipeline, and they don't directly affect the ref status. If triggered using `strategy: depend`, a child pipeline affects the status of the parent pipeline.\n  In turn, the parent pipeline can be configured to fail or succeed based on `allow_failure:` configuration on the job triggering the child pipeline.\n- A multi-project downstream pipeline may affect the status of the upstream\npipeline if triggered using `strategy: depend`,\n  but each downstream pipeline affects the status of the ref in the project they run.\n- Parent and child pipelines that are still running are all automatically\ncanceled if interruptible when a new pipeline is created for the same ref.\n\n- Multi-project downstream pipelines are not automatically canceled when a\nnew upstream pipeline runs for the same ref. The auto-cancelation feature\nonly works within the same project.\n  Downstream multi-project pipelines are considered \"external logic\". They can only be auto-canceled when configured to be interruptible\n  and a new pipeline is triggered for the same ref on the downstream project (not the upstream project).\n\nVisibility:\n\n\n- Child pipelines are not directly visible in the pipelines index page\nbecause they are considered internal\n  sub-components of the parent pipeline. This is to enforce the fact that child pipelines are not standalone and they are considered sub-components of the parent pipeline.\n  Child pipelines are discoverable only through their parent pipeline page.\n- Multi-project pipelines are standalone pipelines because they are normal\npipelines, but just happen to be triggered by an another project's pipeline.\nThey are all visible in the pipeline index page.\n\n\n## Conclusions\n\n\nParent-child pipelines inherit a lot of the design from multi-project\npipelines, but parent-child pipelines have differences that make them a very\nunique type\n\nof pipeline relationship.\n\n\nSome of the parent-child pipelines work we at GitLab will be focusing on is\nabout surfacing job reports generated in child pipelines as merge request\nwidgets,\n\ncascading cancelation and removal of pipelines as well as passing variables\nacross related pipelines.\n\nSome of the parent-child pipeline work we at GitLab plan to focus on relates\nto:\n\n\n- Surfacing job reports generated in child pipelines in merge request\nwidgets.\n\n- Cascading cancelation down to child pipelines.\n\n- Cascading removal down to child pipelines.\n\n- Passing variables across related pipelines.\n\n\nYou can check [this\nissue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/336884) for planned\nfuture developments on parent-child and multi-project pipelines.\n\nLeave feedback or let us know how we can help.\n\n\nCover image by [Ravi\nRoshan](https://unsplash.com/@ravi_roshan_inc?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText)\non\n[Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText)\n\n{: .note}\n","engineering",[24,25,26],"CI","CD","features",{"slug":28,"featured":6,"template":29},"parent-child-vs-multi-project-pipelines","BlogPost","content:en-us:blog:parent-child-vs-multi-project-pipelines.yml","yaml","Parent Child Vs Multi Project 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